Aims
This course aims to:
• gain an understanding of the interior of the Earth and how it contributes to the distribution of continents and oceans on the surface, our long-term climate history and the evolution of life
• be able to make observations from rocks, minerals and fossils and to use them to understand where they came from and to know why they might be found there
• better understand the evolution of our planet over the last 500 million years
Content
This course will introduce you to the processes that create terrestrial planets such as ours – you will learn about the forces driving plate tectonics, volcanic eruptions, climate change and biological evolution, and how to understand these processes by studying rocks, minerals and fossils.
We will start by looking at the Earth’s internal engine: What controls our magnetic field? What drives plate tectonics? How do we make and break supercontinents? Then we introduce minerals; the building blocks of a rocky planet. We will learn how the physical and chemical properties of different minerals follow a logical pattern, and are therefore useful as a tool to understanding how and where different rocks form. Building on this we will study igneous and metamorphic rocks, looking at the theory of where on Earth they are made and followed by practical investigation of rocks and minerals in hand-specimens and using a petrological microscope. We end this half of the course by looking at what makes the Earth a habitable planet, touching on the evolution of life and a practical look at fossils and geological time.
The second half of the course will focus on processes going on at the Earth’s surface. How do the atmosphere and oceans interact and link to climate? How can we detect this in the past and understand palaeo-environments? Finally, we will look at the evolution of the Earth’s climate record over the last 500 million years. What controls climate changes over long-, medium- and short-time scales? We will look at how these changes can be tracked over geological time, using a combination of the rock record, sea-floor sediments and ice-core records.
Presentation of the course
Interactive lectures will introduce the concepts, and include practical hands-on studies of rocks, fossils and minerals.
Course sessions
1. Inside the Earth. Looking at the internal engine:
We are taught at school Earth has a core, mantle and crust. But how do we know, and what are they made of? What “drives” the processes we see at the surface?
2. From micro to macro! How crystals combine to form different rocks:
In this interactive session we will cover both the theory behind mineral design combined with a hands-on practical experience with real mineral samples. We will then look at how the internal engine is fundamental to the rock cycle, and explore why certain groups of minerals are found in certain rocks.
3. How to build a habitable planet. What makes us the perfect Goldilocks planet?:
In this session we will look at what makes Earth a habitable planet. What is different about our planet, what makes it “just right”? Then we will go on to talk about how the evolution of life is punctuated by mass extinctions and how we can use these to date rocks and establish a geological timeline.
4. Atmosphere and Oceans. How to read past environments from the rock record:
Using the timeline from the last session, we will look at how rocks from different time periods allow us to build up a picture of life on Earth, and perhaps more importantly of how things changed.
5. Greenhouses and Icehouses. Earth’s climate history over 500 million years:
In this last session we will focus in on global climate and how it changes over many different time scales; from short term decadal changes to long term icehouse-greenhouse transitions over millions of years, using the Antarctic climate story as a case study.
Learning outcomes
You are expected to gain from this series of classroom sessions a greater understanding of the subject and of the core issues and arguments central to the course.
The learning outcomes for this course are:
• to gain an understanding of the interior of the Earth and how it contributes to the distribution
of continents and oceans on the surface, our long-term climate history and the evolution of life
• to be able to make observations from rocks, minerals and fossils and to use them to understand where they came from and to know why they might be found there
• to better understand the evolution of our planet over the last 500 million years
