Aims
This course aims to:
• explore the range of different explanations for crime and criminality
• challenge traditional ideas of what crime is
• look at how these different explanations can (and should) influence policy on crime and policing
Content
The criminal justice system is set up around assumptions that committing crime is a rational decision; and that offenders can therefore be deterred from committing more crime – but is this assumption true? This short course explores different explanations of crime and their ramifications. We begin by looking at classical explanations – offenders as rational actors – as well as where those ideas come from, and what they mean for crime prevention and for the criminal justice system. Next we turn to biological and psychological explanations, to look at how robust these theories are, and their implications. After that we look at explanations for crime that have their roots in an analysis of broader society; for example, whether neighbourhood disorganisation can influence crime rates, or whether economic disparities can drive criminal behaviour. This leads on to an examination of more critical perspectives: who chooses who is labelled as a criminal? And what counts as a crime? Here we ask whether we are asking the right questions, or if crime and criminality depends on your perspective – and your power. Finally, we turn to realist approaches to crime that focus on the relationship between crime, politics and public policy, and we look at how governments address crime and why they take those approaches, whether they’re effective, and to what extent criminal justice policy ever truly rests on an understanding of crime and offending. The course will pay particular attention to the most recent studies and understandings of crime and criminology.
Presentation of the course
The course will be in a highly interactive short lecture format in which students are encouraged to participate and ask questions, but which will primarily focus on introducing new perspectives and information.
Course sessions
1. Crime and punishment: crime is a rational act. This session looks at ‘classical’ explanations of crime, punishment and deterrence and their influence on the criminal justice system.
2. It’s all in the genes (or in the mind): biological and psychological explanations for crime. These can range from brain chemistry to personality – but are they too deterministic?
3. Society made me do it. This session looks at ‘sociological positivism’ – or reasons for crime that can be found in wider society, from broad structural issues like unemployment, to particular subcultures.
4. It’s all about power: critical criminology is an approach to crime that looks first at where the power lies – who decides what a crime is anyway?
5. Getting real: criminology and government policy, and how the two interact. Why do right wing and left-wing approaches to crime differ so widely, and do either rest on any evidence?
Learning outcomes
You are expected to gain from this series of classroom sessions a greater understanding of the subject and of the core issues and arguments central to the course.
The learning outcomes for this course are:
• to understand and describe a variety of theoretical approaches to crime and deviance
• to begin to evaluate theoretical explanations for crime and deviance
• to recognise the influence of theory and debate on social and criminal justice policy
